Author: Christie Williams

This June, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences faculty member Aarti Raja, Ph.D., chaired the annual Tiny Earth symposium. 221 instructors, students, and collaborators registered to attend, representing 88 academic institutions from 8 countries, 25 US states, and Washington DC. Faculty members Aarti Raja, Ph.D. and Julie Torruellas Garcia, Ph.D., attended the virtual Tiny Earth International Conference, which was run from the Wisconsin Institute of Discovery, Madison, WI. Raja moderated several sessions at the conference. Her student Varun Rachakonda presented a poster and talk titled “Investigating the Microbiota from Unique Wetland Ecosystems, Torruellas Garcia’s student Jessica Hallet presented a poster and talk titled “The Race to Find Novel Antibiotics Produced by Soil Bacteria from Horse Stalls.” Torruellas Garcia’s talk was titled “A safer alternative method for detecting Type II secretion system inhibitors produced by soil bacteria”.

Tiny Earth was launched in 2018, however it began six years earlier when Jo Handelsman (former scientific advisor to Barack Obama) founded a course—then called “Microbes to Molecules”—at Yale University with the goal of addressing both the antibiotic crisis and the shortage of science trainees. In short order, the course grew and became a part of a larger initiative until Handelsman returned to the University of Wisconsin-Madison and launched Tiny Earth in collaboration with its hundreds of partners worldwide.

As the planet’s land-based natural resources become exhausted, the need for new sources is bringing the search to the deepest parts of the world’s oceans. And that has researchers across the globe very concerned.

“Our concerns are the repercussions to rest of the ocean when mining the sea floor,” said Tracey Sutton, Ph.D., a research scientist and professor at Nova Southeastern University’s (NSU) Halmos College of Arts and Sciences. “The impacts to the water column above the area being mined must be considered, particularly what discharge of unwanted material from surface processing will do to marine life within that water column. In essence, the effects can only be negative. The question then becomes, how negative and on what scale?”

Dr. Sutton is on the research team that, as part of a new study led by University of Hawai‘i (UH) at Mānoa researchers, argues that deep-sea mining poses significant risks, not only to the area immediately surrounding mining operations but also to the water hundreds to thousands of feet above the seafloor, threatening vast midwater ecosystems. Further, the scientists suggest how these risks could be evaluated more comprehensively to enable society and managers to decide if and how deep-sea mining should proceed.

Interest in deep-sea mining for copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese and other valuable metals has grown substantially in the last decade and mining activities are anticipated to begin soon. Currently 30 exploration licenses cover about 580,000 square miles of the seafloor on the high seas and some countries are exploring exploitation in their own water as well. Most research assessing the impacts of mining and environmental baseline survey work has focused on the seafloor.

However, large amounts of mud and dissolved chemicals are released during mining and large equipment produces extraordinary noise—all of which travel high and wide. Unfortunately, there has been almost no study of the potential effects of mining beyond the habitat immediately adjacent to extraction activities.

“This is a call to all stakeholders and managers,” said Jeffrey Drazen, Ph.D., lead author of the article and professor of oceanography at UH Mānoa. “Mining is poised to move forward, yet we lack scientific evidence to understand and manage the impacts on deep-pelagic ecosystems, which constitute most of the biosphere. More research is needed very quickly.”

The deep midwaters of the world’s ocean represent more than 90% of the biosphere, contain 100 times more fish than the annual global catch, connect surface and seafloor ecosystems, and play key roles in climate regulation and nutrient cycles. These ecosystem services, as well as untold biodiversity, could be negatively affected by mining.

This recent paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy, provides a first look at potential threats to this system.

“The current study shows that mining and its environmental impacts may not be confined to the seafloor thousands of feet below the surface, but could threaten the waters above the seafloor, too,” said Drazen. “Harm to midwater ecosystems could affect fisheries, release metals into food webs that could then enter our seafood supply, alter carbon sequestration to the deep ocean, and reduce biodiversity, which is key to the healthy function of our surrounding oceans.”

In accordance with UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is required to ensure the effective protection of the marine environment, including deep midwater ecosystems, from harmful effects arising from mining-related activities. In order to minimize environmental harm, mining impacts on the midwater column must be considered in research plans and development of regulations before mining begins.

“We are urging researchers and governing bodies to expand midwater research efforts and adopt precautionary management measures now in order to avoid harm to deep midwater ecosystems from seabed mining,” said Drazen.

Funding for this work was provided by the Schmidt Ocean Institute and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.